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Introduction

Pharmacology is the study of how substances interact with biological systems to produce effects and encompasses sources, chemical properties, biological effects, and therapeutic uses of drugs. It is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating disciplines of physiology, biochemistry, organic chemistry and medicine. Given the dynamic nature of science and technology, the field of pharmacology is bringing together an even wider range of disciplines such as biomedical technology, biophysics and functional genetics
The PhD in Pharmacology programme is a laboratory-based research programme designed to provide advanced training on understanding pharmacological interactions so as to elucidate biological mechanisms that occur at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. The programme focuses on collaborative, multi-disciplinary training that enables learners to gain expertise in basic and translational pharmacological sciences and other applied fields

Programme Objectives
The programme aims to train leading pharmacologists with an advanced understanding of pharmacology and progressive technologies in pharmacological investigations that are able to critically think and problem solve making significant and unique contributions advancing the understanding and application of pharmacological principles for the betterment of society

Rationale
Although significant health-related gains have been achieved the disease burden in Kenya as is in other middle and low- income countries remains high. This invariably has economic implications. Kenya has seen an increase in number in non-communicable diseases albeit infectious diseases remaining worrisome with rapid development of resistance to current drug therapies. This calls for concerted efforts to find home grown solutions. Knowledge of molecular pharmacology is crucial for understanding and participating in research biochemical mechanisms underlying .Moreover, molecular pharmacology techniques are applicable in investigations of therapies (both old and new) for non-communicable conditions including that may have a genetically unique profile within the Kenya population. In Kenya, a specialized cadre of scientists equipped with skills in molecular, clinical and toxicological aspects of substances is therefore needed to contribute to innovative research that would lead to discovery of new medicines or advance the on understanding pharmacological interactions so as to elucidate biological mechanisms that occur at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. In so doing come up with solutions that can be translated to clinical and therapeutic interventions for society.

Entry Requirements
Option A
A holder of a Master of Science Pharmacology, Molecular Pharmacology or Pharmacology and Toxicology, Master of Clinical Pharmacy, Master of Medicine, Master of Dental Surgery, Master of Science in Nursing and Master of Veterinary Medicine from institution recognized by the ³Ô¹ÏÍ·Ìõ Senate

Option B
A holder of a Master of Science in Biochemistry, Microbiology, or Medical Physiology from an institution recognized by the ³Ô¹ÏÍ·Ìõ Senate
*Applicants from non-English speaking countries shall provide evidence of proficiency English.

Mode and Structure of Delivery
The programme shall be offered by blended learning comprising of mentored research, seminars and presentations.

Programme Duration
The programme duration shall be at least 3 years

Curriculum Highlights
The programme shall include proposal presentation, research progress seminars and thesis defence.

Career Opportunities
PhD in Pharmacology graduates will play a pivotal role in academia, research and drug discovery. Career prospects includes:
•    Pharmacology scientist
•    Higher academic positions and management
•    Drug safety monitors,
•    Drug/toxicant information consultant
•    Mentoring and supervising the scholars
•    Innovation and research
•    Medical journalism

Tuition and Fee Structure
•    Full Time; Fees ksh.571,200= p.a
•    Non East Africans ksh.714,000,000p.a

Why choose PhD Pharmacology at KU
³Ô¹ÏÍ·Ìõ is ranked the top university in Kenya with a strong reputation in research and innovation. ³Ô¹ÏÍ·Ìõ’s PhD in Pharmacology is a strong programme within an environment that is conducive and supportive of learning, research and innovation with adequate resources. The faculty is diverse with expertise in various specialties within the field of pharmacology such as neuropharmacology, cardiovascular pharmacology, gastrointestinal pharmacology, cancer pharmacology who will provide practical hands-on training. Additionally there are modern laboratories under development where learners will be able research. The doctoral experience at ³Ô¹ÏÍ·Ìõ is smooth as the Graduate School provides learners with the support they may require.